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Primary VHHs

Primary VHHs are highly specific, recombinantly produced alpaca single domain nanobody VHHs against a range of protein tags, various intra- and extracellular targets, and immuno-oncology targets. Their small size and high affinity make them ideal tools for applications such as imaging and flow cytometry.

  • Excellent tissue and cell penetration
  • Minimal epitope-label displacement
  • Recombinant production

Primary VHH Products by Target and Conjugation

Browse Primary VHH reagents by target, conjugation format, and application, including products for immuno-oncology, cytokine and growth factor targets, peptide and fluorescence tags and intracellular targets.

Immuno-Oncology, Growth Factor, and Cytokine Targets

Conjugated Primary VHHs for immuno-oncology, growth factor, and cytokine targets
Target Conjugates Applications
CD16 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, FC
CTLA4 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
FLT3 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
LAG3 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
MSLN CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
PD-1 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC FC
PD-L1 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
TIM3 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
TIGIT CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, Live Cell Imaging, FC
IFNy CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, FC
Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA
IL6 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 FITC IF, FC
Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA
Cystatin-C Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA 
FGF-9 Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA 
FGF-basic Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA 
IL28a
Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA
IL34 Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA
OSM Biotin     BLI, SPR, ELISA 

Note: Unconjugated versions of the listed VHHs can be found in the table below.

Conjugated VHHs

Conjugated Primary VHHs grouped by tag target and application
Target Conjugates Applications
GFP
(GFP-Booster)		 Alexa Fluor 488
ATTO488
Biotin 		Alexa Fluor 568
ATTO594 		Alexa Fluor 647
ATTO647N 		IF, IHC, ICC
RFP
(RFP-Booster)		 Alexa Fluor 488 Alexa Fluor 568
ATTO594 		Alexa Fluor 647
ATTO647N 		IF, IHC, ICC
HA
(HA Label) 		CoraLite® Plus 488 CoraLite® Plus 555 CoraLite® Plus 647 IF, IHC, ICC
Histone
(Histone Label) 		 ATTO488 IF, IHC, ICC
Spot
(Spot Label) 		Alexa Fluor 488
ATTO488 		Alexa Fluor 568
ATTO594 		Alexa Fluor 647 IF, IHC, ICC
Vimentin
(Vimentin Label) 		ATTO488 IF, IHC, ICC

Unconjugated VHHs

Our unconjugated VHHs can be conjugated via:
NHS: Conjugation via NHS ester – Amine reaction
Maleimide: Conjugation via Maleimide – Thio reaction

Unconjugated Primary VHHs grouped by target category and conjugation chemistry
Peptide tags
HA (NHS) Myc (NHS) Spot (NHS) Strep (NHS) V5 (NHS)
Fluorescence tags
GFP (NHS) GFP (Maleimide) mNeonGreen (NHS) mEos (NHS) RFP (NHS) TurboGFP (NHS)
Solubility tags
GST (NHS) MBP (NHS)
Other tags
Halo (NHS) SNAP/CLIP (NHS) Ubiquitin (NHS)
Intracellular targets
Histone (NHS) MK2 (NHS) PARP1 (NHS) p53 N-term (NHS) p53 C-term (NHS) Vimentin (NHS)
Immuno-Oncology -, Growth Factors -, & Cytokine targets
CTLA4 (Maleimide)

IFNy (NHS)

OSM (Maleimide) 		Cystatin-C (Maleimide)

IL6 (Maleimide)

PD-1 (Maleimide) 		FGF-9 (Maleimide)

IL28a (Maleimide)

PD-L1 (Maleimide) 		FGF-basic (Maleimide)

IL34 (Maleimide)

TIM3 (Maleimide) 		FLT3 (Maleimide)

LAG3 (Maleimide)

TIGIT (Maleimide) 		IFNy (Maleimide)

MSLN (Maleimide)

Why use Primary VHHs?

Primary VHHs offer practical advantages over conventional antibodies, including improved imaging resolution, reduced experimental bias, and reproducible recombinant production. Explore how their small size, monovalent format, and controlled manufacturing support more reliable results across imaging and cell-based workflows.

Our nanobody VHH-based live cell imaging reagents are around one tenth the size of conventional primary antibodies or IgG. Their small size improves tissue penetration and reduces the distance between epitope and label, which can increase imaging resolution and produce less diffuse signals. These properties make them well suited to imaging applications, especially super-resolution microscopy.

Comparison diagram showing a primary nanobody versus conventional primary and secondary IgG antibodies, illustrating shorter epitope-to-label distance with nanobodies.
Comparison of label distance and imaging resolution between a primary nanobody and conventional primary and secondary IgG antibodies.

Bivalent antibodies can sometimes promote epitope cross-linking, target clustering, or receptor activation, which may distort experimental results. The monovalent nature of nanobody VHH reagents helps preserve a state closer to native biology and can reduce bias caused by dimerization, particularly for cell surface receptors.

Note: Not all VHHs listed on this page are monovalent. Bivalent formats are identified on the relevant product pages.

ChromoTek nanobody VHH reagents are recombinantly produced and characterized at both the DNA and protein sequence level. This supports high purity, controlled labeling, minimal batch-to-batch variation, and animal-free production, with validation across methods including UV/VIS spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, immunofluorescence, and mass spectrometry.